医学英语双语阅读：晕厥

2020-03-23 15:01 医学教育网

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Syncope	晕厥
James C. Chesnutt
Syncope is a common and concerning medical problem, which accounts for 3% of emergency room visits and up to 6% of hospital admissions. Although the cause of syncope can be life-threatening （e.g., ventricular tachycardia） and the result can be devastating （e.g., fractured hip）, a definitive explanation for syncope is found less than one half of the time. Syncope recurrence is approximately 20% per year compared with an incidence of 2% for an initial episode of syncope.	晕厥是一种令人担忧的常见病，占急诊病例的3%，住院病例中可达6%。虽然晕厥的病因可能危及生命（如室性心动过速），并会产生严重后果（如髋部骨折），但说得清楚的晕厥却不到一半。晕厥的复发率大约为20%年，初发率则为2%。
I. Approach.Syncope is a brief loss of consciousness with collapse resulting from transient brain dysfunction based on decreased blood flow or neurologic insult. Syncope can be categorized based on the causative mechanism （See Table below）. The most common causes are vasovagal （18%）, arrhythmia （14%）, neurologic （10%）, orthostatic hypotension （8%）, and situational （5%）.	I. 诊断思路晕厥是暂时性意识丧失并跌倒，它是因为血流减少或神经损伤而造成一过性大脑功能失调而引起的。根据诱发机制，晕厥可以分为几类。从诱因看，最常见的有血管迷走神经性（占18%）、心率不齐性（14%）、神经性（10%）、直立性低血压性（8%）和环境因素引起的晕厥（5%）。
Table: Types of syncope with selected examples　CARDIOGENIC SYNCOPE （CS）1. Arrhythmia, including ventricular tachycardia, sick sinus syndrome, atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular block and others （See Chapters 7.3, 7.9, and 7.12）2. Organic heart disease, including coronary artery disease congestive heart failure valvular disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and others.NEUROGENIC SYNCOPE （NS）1. Seizure disorder2. Transient ischemic attack and stroke3. Subclavian steal syndrome and othersNEUROCARDIOGENIC SYNCOME （NCS）1. Vasovagal2. carotid sinus hypersensitivity3. Orthostatic hypotension4. Dysautonomic5. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome6. Situational, including micturition, cough, and othersUNCLASSIFIED SYNCOPE1. Drugs2. Alcohol3. Psychogenic4. Hypoglycemia5. Pregnancy6. Hypoxemia, dehydration, and others	心源性晕厥（CS）1. 心律失常，包括室性心动过速、病窦综合症、房性纤颤、房室传导阻滞，其他。2. 器质性心脏病，包括冠状动脉疾病、充血性心力衰竭、心脏瓣膜疾病、肥厚性心肌病，其他。神经性晕厥（NS）1. 癫痫。2. 一过性脑缺血发作和脑卒中。3. 锁骨下动脉窃血综合征及其他。神经心源性晕厥（NCS）1. 血管迷走神经性。2. 颈动脉窦过敏。3. 直立性低血压。4. 自主神经功能紊乱。5. 体位性心动过速综合症。6. 环境因素，包括排尿、咳嗽，其他。未分类晕厥1. 药物。2. 酒精。3. 心理因素。4. 低血糖。5. 妊娠。6. 低氧血症，脱水及其他。
II. History	II. 病史检查
A. What are the symptoms or circumstances related to the syncope?1. Dizziness preceding syncope is highly associated with a psychological cause （24%） versus syncope without preceding dizziness （5%）. Dizziness with syncope can also be associated with arrhythmia. 2. Important history includes palpitation, duration of prodrome and recovery, and presence of postural or exertional symptoms. 3. Related environmental factors include heat, dehydration, and alcohol.	A. 晕厥相关症状或情况1. 与无头晕性晕厥相比，头晕后晕厥与精神性诱因关联很大，前者占5%，后者则占24%。头晕伴晕厥也与心律不齐有关。 2. 重要病史包括：心悸、前驱症状及恢复时间、以及体位性或劳力性症状。 3. 相关环境因素包括：高温、脱水和酒精。
B. Which disease, risk factor, or family history is present?	B. 疾病、危险因素及家族史
1. Organic heart disease is associated with arrhythmia and increased risk of death. 2. Psychiatric illnesses most commonly associated with syncope are major depression （12.2%）, alcoholism （9.2%）, generalized anxiety disorder （8.6%）, and panic disorder （4.3%）. These correlate with a higher rate of recurrent syncope, younger age, and a more benign course.	1. 器质性心脏病可伴随心律不齐和死亡危险增加。 2. 与晕厥最有关系的精神疾病包括严重的抑郁（12.2%）、酒精中毒（9.2%）、全身性焦虑（8.6%）和恐惧病（4.3%）。上述疾病通常与较高的晕厥复发率、年幼和较为良性的病程有关。
3. Older age （>60 years） is more highly associated with arrhythmias, orthostatic hypotension, medication side-effects, and situational （e.g., micturition） syncope. 4. Ask about diabetes mellitus, neuropathy, anemia, and other chronic diseases. 5. Inquire about a family history of sudden death, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or other organic heart disease.	3.3. 老龄病人（＞60岁）与心律不齐、直立性低血压、药物副作用和环境性（如排尿）晕厥关联更大。 4. 询问糖尿病、神经病、贫血和其他慢性病。 5. 查询卒死、肥厚性心肌病及其他器质性心脏病的家族史。
C. What medications does the patient take?	C. 病人用药
The most commonly implicated are antihypertensives and antidepressants. Others include antianginals, analgesics, and sedatives.	最常见的影响药物有降压药和抗抑郁剂。其他药物包括抗心绞痛药、麻醉剂和镇静剂。

III. Physical Examination	III. 体格检查
A. A. General: mental status, temperature, hydration status, pallor, or cyanosis. B. Vital signs: tachycardia, bradycardia, irregularity, or orthostatic hypotension. C. Cardiovascular: heart sounds, murmurs, bruits, edema, rales, and pulses. D. Neurologic: cranial nerves, reflexes, strength and sensation, tremor, Romberg's sign, gait, and cerebellar signs	A. 一般检查：心理状态、体温、水合状况、苍白和发绀。 B. 生命体征：心动过速、心博徐缓、不规则及直立性低血压。 C. 心血管：心音、杂音、嘈声、水肿、罗音、脉博。 D. 神经性：颅内神经、反射、力度和感觉、震颤、Romberg’s体征、步态和脑部体征。
IV. Testing	IV. 实验室检查
A. Electrocardiogram （ECG）	A. 心电图（ECG）
The most important single initial test to evaluate syncope is the ECG; it is easy and inexpensive and can quickly identify life-threatening arrhythmias or ischemia. Although the diagnostic yield is only 5%, if the ECG is normal, ischemia, arrhythmias, and organic heart disease are very unlikely. If the ECG is abnormal but does not clearly demonstrate a likely cause for syncope （complete heart block or runs of ventricular tachycardia, for example）, other tests are needed to clarify the underlying problem that may be related to the syncope. The result of the ECG, therefore, helps to direct the course of further workup.	开始检查晕厥时最重要的单项初始实验室检查是ECG。这种方法简便价廉、可迅速识别对生命有威胁的心律不齐或局部缺血。虽然阳性诊断率仅5%，只要ECG正常，也基本能排除心肌局部缺血、心率不齐和器质性心脏病。如果ECG检查异常，但无法清楚地验证晕厥的潜在原因（如完全性传导阻滞或室性心动过速），就需要进行其他检查，以澄清与晕厥相关的潜在疾病。因此，ECG结果有助于指导进一步的检查。
B. Cardiac monitors	B. 心脏监测
1. Holter monitor or telemetry performed for 24 hours. For patient with organic heart disease, this gives a diagnostic yield of from 2% for arrhythmias correlated to symptoms to 21% with unrelated arrhythmias. Extending this monitoring to 72 hours is not useful. 2. A loop event monitor is a portable, prolonged ambulatory event recorder indicating if there is recurrent syncope and no organic heart disease （yield = 24% to 47%）.	1. 进行24小时动态心电监测或远程监测。对器质性心脏病患者，这种检查能诊断2%的有症状心律失常和21%的无症状心律失常。将监测时间延长至72小时并无意义。 2. 记忆环心血管事件监测器是一种便携式、可长时间记录病人活动时心血管事件的装置，可以表明是否有复发性晕厥与器质性心脏病（诊断率为24%至47%）。
C. Electrophysiologic studies.	C. 电生理检查
This invasive cardiac monitoring and arrhythmia induction procedure gives a 50% diagnostic yield for those with organic heart disease or abnormal ECG （compared with 10% if no organic heart disease）. This is considered the gold standard for arrhythmia diagnosis but it is expensive and invasive. Powerful predictors of a positive test are an ejection fraction less than 40%, bundle branch block, or atrial fibrillation.	电生理检查是一种有创心脏监测与心律失常诱发手段，对器质性心脏病或ECG异常患者进行检查时，其诊断率为50%（无器质性心脏病患者的诊断率为10%）。它是心律失常诊断的金标准。只是价格贵，且是有创性的。对射血分数小于40%及束支传导阻滞或房性纤颤的阳性检查效果最好。
D. Tilt table testing	D. 倾斜试验
Tilt table testing is indicated for unexplained, recurrent syncope when arrhythmia or organic heart disease is excluded and neurocardiogenic syncope is suspected. In this setting, the sensitivity is 67% to 83% and specificity is 90%.	在排除心律失常或器质性心脏病并怀疑有神经心源性晕厥时，就需要进行倾斜试验，以对不明因复发性晕厥作出诊断。此项检查的敏感性为67%～83%，特异性是90%。
E. Echocardiogram and stress	E. 心脏超声和运动负荷试验
Echocardiogram and stress tests are used only to evaluate exertional symptoms （echo first in this case） or suspected organic heart disease.	心脏超声和运动负荷试验仅用于检查劳力性症状（首选超声）或可疑性器质性心脏病。
F. Computed tomography	F. CT扫描。
Computed tomography scan is used to evaluate focal neurologic signs.	CT扫描用于检查局灶性神经病学体征。
G. Electroencephalogram	G. 脑电图（EEG）
Electroencephalogram is indicated for seizure activity only.	脑电图仅用于癫痫发作情况检查。
H. Carotid massage	H. 颈动脉按摩。
Consider this if the patient is aged more than 60 years with unexplained syncope. Perform in the clinic if no bruits, ventricular tachycardia, recent stroke, or myocardial infarction.	如病人年龄超过60岁并伴有不明因晕厥时可考虑此手法。如无心脏杂音、室性心动过速、新近中风或心梗，可在门诊进行。
I. Blood tests	I. 血液检查。
Blood tests, including hematocrit, serum chemistries, and pregnancy test, are not for screening; order only if a specific medical condition is suspected.	血液检查包括血细胞比容、血清化学和妊娠检查。血液检查不用于筛检。仅在怀疑有特定疾病时使用。
J. Psychiatric evaluation	J. 精神病检查。
Psychiatric evaluation is useful in the setting of a high recurrence rate in a young patient without resultant injuries and no evidence of organic heart disease.	若年轻患者晕厥复发率高且未导致损伤、无器质性心脏疾病时，作精神病学检查很有效。
V. Diagnostic assessment	V. 诊断评估。
The keys to the diagnosis of syncope are the history, physical examination, and ECG, yielding a diagnosis 45% of the time. The history and physical should focus on cardiac, neurologic, and medication-related issues. Directed testing can add 8% to diagnosis. Further classification by age and presence of organic heart disease can help focus evaluation and treatment. If organic heart disease is present or the ECG is abnormal, inpatient telemetry monitoring and electrophysiologic studies are recommended. If organic heart disease is not evident, ambulatory loop ECG and psychiatric evaluations are indicated, as well as possible tilt table testing.	诊断晕厥的关键是病史、体格检查和ECG，诊断率可达45%。病史和体检的重点是心脏、神经和药物相关问题。定向检查可使诊断效率提高5%，进一步区分年龄和有无器质性心脏病有助于突出评价和治疗。如有器质性心脏病或ECG异常，住院患者可进行远程监测和电生理检查。如器质性心脏病不明显就需要进行环路动态ECG和精神病学评估，可能的话再进行倾斜试验。
Although most syncope patients can be evaluated in the outpatient setting, hospitalization is recommended for those with organic heart disease, chest pain, a history or suspicion of arrhythmia, or presence of neurologic symptoms or signs suggesting transient ischemic attack or stroke. The extent of severity of the organic heart disease is the key determinant of mortality and should direct evaluation and therapy. Despite extensive evaluation and testing, the diagnosis may still be elusive in approximately 40% of patients with recurrent syncope, but fortunately these patients have a low incidence of morbidity and mortality.	虽然多数晕厥患者可在门诊部检查，但对器质性心脏病、胸痛、有或疑有心律失常患者、或神经学症状体征提示有暂短性心肌局部缺血和中风发生，建议住院检查。器质性心脏病严重程度是死亡率的决定因素，应指导检查并治疗。尽管有广泛的评估检查，但仍有40%的复发性晕厥患者会漏诊，幸运的是，这些病人的死亡率和发病率都很低。

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医学英语双语阅读：晕厥