词汇选择是职称英语中第一个考试项目,它考查大家在一定语境下对单词或短语的理解。从表面上,这是词汇的考题,实际上这是一种最简单的阅读理解题。这里要给大家澄清一个概念,任何一种语言的语义最小单位是句子,而不是词。但是词汇或短语的理解对于句子的理解起着重要的作用。
词汇不足的人在英文听、说、读、写各方面的能力都会受到严重限制。一般大多数人认为背单词既吃力,又成效不大。实际上,若能采用适当的方法,不仅可以缩短扩大词汇量所需的时间,并且能提高记忆单词的质量。下面向大家推荐六种单词记忆法,仅供参考。
一、结合记忆法
将比较生疏,不常用的单词放入一定的语言环境——句子中,结合句意来记忆单词。遇到此单词时,若词义忘记,则可通过回忆所在句子的意思来记忆单词。例如:
slope
n.① 倾斜;坡度;斜度
There is always a certain slope in a ship's deck.船的甲板总有几分倾斜。
② 斜面;斜坡
We climbed the steep slope of the hill.我们爬了那座陡峭的斜坡。
vi.倾斜
The railroad slopes up slightly at this point.铁路在此处有轻微的倾斜。
critical
adj.① 批评(性)的,吹毛求疵的
I don't like people who are too critical about everything.我不喜欢对每件事都太吹毛求疵的人。
② 紧要的,关键的;危急的
His condition is reported as being very critical.据报告他的情况非常危急。
通过此法来掌握词汇,既有助于记住单词本身的拼写、拼读,又可同时熟悉词的词义、词性、用法和搭配,比孤立地背记单词效果要好。
二、同类记忆法
将同类词汇收集在一起,同时背记,效果会比较好。
注意,同类词汇与同义词不同:同义词是指意思相同,而同类词是指基本属性相同、具体意义的层次,级别或范围不同的一类词汇。例如:headmaster和principal是同义词,都表示,“中小学校长”;“president”和“chancellor”是同义词,都表示大专院校“校长”。这两组词是同类词汇,都表示“校长"”,但具体级别不同,所以两组词不是同义词。
再如,bachelor(学士)、master(硕士),doctor(博士)三个词都表示学位授予的情况,但具体级别不同,所以这三个词也是一组同类词汇。
这样,将同类词汇放在一起记忆,当遇到其中一个词时,头脑中出现的就是一组词,效率大大提高了。
三、比较记忆法
把同义词或形似词放在一起,加以区别。记忆的过程是一组组,一对对单词同时记忆。职称英语中有很大一部分都是对同义词或近义词的考察,需要平时进行记忆和积累。
例题1:The researchers have just completed a study of driving situations.(2004年职称英语卫生类C级)
A.started
B.finished
C.changed
D.made
答案:B
例题2:Michael is now merely a good friend.(2004年职称英语卫生类C级)
A.largely
B.possibly
C.just
D.rarely
答案:C
四、构词法记忆法
通过掌握构词法来记忆单词。英语主要有三种构词法:
1)转化,即由一个词类转化为另一个词类。例如:
picture(n)画——picture(v)描绘
water(n)水——water(v)浇水
例题1:He has trouble understanding that other people judge him by his social skills and conduct.
A.behavior
B.style
C.mode
D.attitude
答案:A
解释:
cnduct(v.)引导,管理,为人,传导
cnduct (n.)操守,行为
cnductor(n.)列车员,售票员,指挥者,导体等
例题2:The ice is not thick enough to bear the weight of a tank.
A.suffer
B.accept
C.receive
D.endure
答案:D
解释:
bear(n.)熊
bear(v.)负担,忍受,带给,具有,挤
2)派生,即通过加前缀或后缀构成另一个词,例如:
happy → unhappy(加前缀)happiness(加后缀)
例题1:The workers in that factory manufacture furniture.
A.promote
B.paint
C.polish
D.produce
答案:D
例题2:Even in a highly modernized country, manual work is a still needed.
A.mental
B.physical
C.natural
D.hard
答案:B
man-、manu-=hand
manage(管理)、manual(体力的,手册)、manuscript(手写稿)、manufacture(生产)、manumit(释放);
例题3:About one million Americans are diagnosed,annually with skin cancer.(2004年职称英语卫生类C级)
A.every year
B.severely
C.actively
D.every month
答案:A
ann=year
anniversaire(French)、anniversary、annals(编年史)、annuity(年金)
3)合成,即由两个或更多的词合成一个词。例如:
wood(木)cut(刻)→ woodcut(木刻)
pea(豌豆)nuts(坚果)→ peanut(花生)
例题1:In the latter case the outcome can be serious indeed.
A.judgement
B.result
C.decision
D.event
答案:B
五、根义记忆法
利用根义代替记忆多义,可以解决“没有生词”却老读不懂的问题。
比如要问immediate(ly)是否已记住,回答当然是肯定的。那么就请看下面三个“没有生词”的片段:
a)The woman walks immediately behind the car.
b)She is my immediate neighbor.
c)the immediate cause
若没有读懂,那么就请看immediate(ly)根义:中间没有间隔(地)
1)(时间)立刻;
2)(空间)紧挨,通接,紧跟,
3)(关系)直接
例题1:He will leave immediately.
A.far away
B.right away
C.right here
D.soon
答案:B
例题2:Can you follow the plot?
A.change
B.investigate
C.understand
D.write
答案:C
请看下面几句中的“follow”分别都是什么意思?
She went into the building, followed by a group of students.
The teacher says that everybody should follow the rule here.
I'm sorry, but I can't follow you.
六、容易混淆词的特别记忆
(1)有些字可当形容词又可当副词,例如:early;past;half;long;straight;fast;hard;quick;deep;slow; pretty;awful;wrong;right;high;late;hourly;early;weekly;etc.
We had an early breakfast.(形容词)
We went by a fast train.(形容词)
We had breakfast early.(副词)
Don't speak so fast.(副词)
(2)有些形容词变为副词,可在字尾加ly,也可以不加,不过在字义上不同。
(A)easy “安适地”;easily “容易地”:
Stand easy!
He's not easily satisfied.
(B)clear (=completely “完全地“;clearly“显然地”)
The bullet went clear through the door.
The thieves got clearly away.
(C)high “高”;highly “很、非”;
The birds are flying high.
He was highly praised for his work.
(D)slow和slowly当副词时同义,但slow比slowly语气强。
I told the driver to go slow(er).
Drive slowly round these bends in the road.
(E)hard“辛苦地“;hardly“几乎不”
He works hard.(=He is a hard worker.)
He hardly does anything nowadays.(=He does very little nowadays.)
(F)just“刚才;仅”;justly“公正地”
I've just seen him.
He was justly punished.
(G)late“迟”;lately(=recently)“最近地”
He went to bed late.
I haven't seen Mr.Green lately.
(H)pretty(=fairly, moderately)“十分,颇”;
prettily(=in a pretty way, attractively)“漂亮地”
The situation seems pretty hopeless.
She was prettily dressed.
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