2016年职称英语卫生类语法辅导:非谓语动词之分词
非谓语动词也叫非限定动词或动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外, 具有动词的部分语法特征,可以承担句子的任何成分。
分词
1. 分词作定语
1)分词作定语既可以放在所修饰的词之前,作前置定语,也可以放在所修饰的词后面,作后置定语。其作用相当于一个定语从句。例如:
Where are the reserved seats?(=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)
预定的座位在哪里?
This is a pressing problem.(=This is a problem which is pressing.)
这是一个紧迫的问题。
2)分词作后置定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的中心词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的中心词分开)两种,其作用分别相当于一个限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。例如:
The funds raised(= which have been raised)are mainly used for helping the homeless.
筹集的资金主要用来帮助那些无家可归的人。
There are many students waiting(= who are waiting)to get examined.
有许多学生在等待检查。
This book,written(= which is written)in simple English,is suitable for beginners.
本书是用浅显的英语写的,适合初学者。
3)分词常和形容词、副词或名词构成合成形容词作定语。例如:
The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone.
那位手持鲜花的姑娘一定在等人。
The newly-built building is our office building.
这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。
4)有些不及物动词的过去分词作定语,并不表示被动的意思而是表示完成。这类过去分词常作前置修饰语。例如:
There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.
秋天有许多落叶。
The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man.
这部电影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。
常用的这一类词有:fallen,faded,returned,retired,risen,grown up,vanished等。
2. 分词作宾语补足语
1)跟分词作宾补的动词有:catch,have get,keep,hear,find,feel,leave,make,want,start,notice,observe,watch,set等。例如:
When they returned home from the holiday,they found their house stolen.
当他们度假完回到家时,发现房子被盗了。(过去分词表示被动)
2)在复合宾语中,用现在分词作宾补,说明宾语是动作的发出者,形成逻辑上的主谓关系;用过去分词作宾补,表示宾语是动作的承受者,构成逻辑上的动宾关系。例如:
There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard.
由于十分吵闹,讲话人没法让人听到他的声音。
When he awoke,he found himself being looked after by an old woman.
他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他。
3. 分词作状语
1)分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或伴随状况。通常可转换成相应的状语从句;表示方式或伴随状况的可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。例如:
Confined to bed(= Because she was confined to bed),she needed to be waited on in everything.
她卧病在床,什么事都需要人伺候。(作原因状语)
Having only book knowledge(= If you only have book knowledge),you will not be
able to work well.
如果只有书本知识,你就不可能做好工作。(作条件状语)
They stood there waiting for the bus.(=They stood there and waited for the bus.)
他们站在那里等公共汽车。(作方式状语)
2)现在分词和过去分词作状语时的用法比较
不管是现在分词还是过去分词作状语,如果单独作状语,其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。分词作状语通常可以转换成一个相应的状语从句,如果状语从句中的谓语动词为被动结构,就用过去分词;如果状语从句中的谓语动词为主动结构,就用现在分词。有时为了强调,分词前可带连词when,while,if,though,as if,unless等一起作状语,以便使句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。例如:
Working hard(If you work hard),you will succeed.
如果你努力,你会成功的。
Defeated(= Though he was defeated),he remained a popular boxer.
虽然他被击败了,但他仍然是一个受人喜爱的拳击手。
4. 分词的独立结构
1)分词作状语时,要特别注意其逻辑主语必须和谓语动词的主语一致。否则,分词必须有自己的主语,这种带主语的分词被称为分词的独立结构,或叫独立主格。在句中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件等。例如:
The project finished,they had a two weeks'leave.
完成那个计划后,他们休了两周假。
He being absent,nothing could be done.
由于他缺席,什么事也没法干。
2)独立结构有时也可以用“with/ without +名词(或代词的宾语)+ 分词”的结构,表示伴随状况。例如:
They sat there silently,(with)their eyes fixedon the lake.
他们静静地坐在那里,眼睛看着湖面。
With him helping me,I felt lucky.
有他的帮助,我感到很幸运。
5 . 容易混淆的现在分词和过去分词
像 interesting 和 interested 一类的分词在意义和用法上很容易混淆,一般可作如下区分:
(1)一部分表示“情感;心情”等意义的动词的现在分词有“令人……的;具有……性质的”的意思,常用来说明人或事物的特征或性质。如:
The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.
(2)它们的过去分词有“感到……的”的意思,用来指人的感觉或所处的状态,因而它的主语一般不可能是指物的词。如:
He was too excited to fall asleep.
这类容易混淆的分词常见的有: encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; inspiring, inspired; interesting, interested; puzzling, puzzled; astonishing, astonished; surprising, surprised 等。
非谓语动词经典例题解析:
1.The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did’t include women players until 1919.
A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing
析:根据题干,必须选表示被动的选项,故排除A、D;因B选项表“将要被举行”意,不合题干之用,只有C选项(相当于which was first played)才合用。
2.European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making
B.makes
C.made
D.to make
析:B、C是谓语动词,在此不可用。D项to make或表目的,或表“将要使得”,这都不合题干情景。只有A.making,可作状语,表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例: The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻,因而耽误了。
3.Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.
A.to be taken
B.to take
C.being taken
D.taking
析:根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项,C、D应排除。Take后无宾语,必然要用被动式,故答案为A。
4.John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A.to wash
B.washing
C.wash
D.to be washing
析:根据be made to do sth.句式,可定答案为A。
5.The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
A.to eat not
B.eating not
C.not to eat
D.not eating
析:根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式,可排除B、D两项;又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律,又可排除A,而定C。
6.I usually go there by train. Why not ______ by boat for a change?
A.to try going
B.trying to go
C.to try and go
D.try going
析:此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D。若将B项改为try to go,则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容,乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样,所以答案仍为D。
7.______ a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving
B.Receiving not
C.Not having received
D.Having not received
析:非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位,B、D皆为错误形式。A项不能表达先于decided的动作,只有选C项才表没收到信在先,决定再写信在后,所以C为正确答案。
8.Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.
A.to invent
B.inventing
C.to have invented
D.having mvented
析:consider表“考虑”意时,其后动词用doing形式,此处不表“考虑”,而表“认为”,这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have done,to be等形式。据此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意,不合题用,只有C表“发明了”意,才合题用,故选C。
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