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不丹：幸福胜过财富 Bhutan-Where Happiness

What is happines really? In conventional development theory, it equals money and prosperity, as measured by 3)GNP (Gross National Product). But Bhutan, the famously remote and beautiful Buddhist kingdom in the Himalaya has been trying out a different concept. 4)Espoused by the country’s king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, its government has been using a standard called GNH, or Gross National Happiness. It has 5)underpinned the country’s approach to change and development.

After centuries of self-imposed isolation, in 1961, Bhutan opened its doors to the world. The Bhutanese quickly learnt that in the pursuit of economic prosperity, many countries had lost their cultural identitie as well as their spirituality, and 6)compromised their environments. From a Buddhist perspective the burst of consumer-driven, economic growth, and consequently the explosion of affluence in industrialized nation had resulted in widespread spiritual poverty. It was a clear message to the Bhutanese that economic growth alone did not bring contentment.

However, the government also knew that change was inevitable. So Bhutan had to come up with a different approach to development—something that would monitor and regulate the nature and pace of change without compromising the essence of its citizens’ well-being. Thu GNH was born. GNH, according to the Center of Bhutan Studies in the capital, Thimphu, is not against change. It 7)propounds development by balancing economic development, preservation of the environment, and religious-cultural heritage. The underlying message is that the country should not sacrifice elements important for people’s happiness to gain material development. In short, GNH 8)takes into account not just the flow of money, but also access to healthcare, free time with family, conservation of natural resource and other non-economic factors.

到底什么是幸福呢？在常见的发展理论中，幸福等同于金钱与繁荣，是用GNP(国民生产总值)衡量的。但不丹，一个位于喜马拉雅山区，遥远而美丽的佛教国家，正尝试一种不同的幸福理念。在国王吉格梅·辛格·旺楚克的支持下，不丹政府采用了一种不同的标准来衡量幸福，叫GNH,即国民幸福总值，这一直是这个国家求变发展的基石。

历经了几个世纪的自我封闭之后，在1961年，不丹终于向世界打开了大门。不丹人很快认识到，在追求经济繁荣的过程中，许多国家丧失了自己的文化身份以及精神特性，并牺牲了自己的环境。从佛教的角度来看，消费者驱动型经济的迅猛增长以及随之而产生的工业化国家中财富的膨胀都会造成普遍的精神贫乏。这让不丹人清楚地认识到，单纯的经济增长并不能带来满足感。

虽然如此，不丹政府也清楚改变是不可避免的。因此不丹必须寻求一种不同的发展途径—— 一种能够监控及规范“变化”的本质和速度，而又不会牺牲其国民基本幸福的方式。GNH因此应运而生。据位于不丹首都廷布的不丹研究中心称,GNH与改变并不相斥，它提出发展必须在经济发展、保护环境及保存宗教文化遗产之间取得平衡。其中隐含的信息是，国家不应以牺牲那些对人们的幸福至关重要的东西来获取物质方面的发展。简而言之，GNH不但考虑资金流向，而且还顾及卫生保健、家人共处的休闲时间、保护自然资源以及其他非经济因素。

In 1998, Bhutan’s Prime Minister, Jigmi Thinley, identified the “Four Pillars” of GNH, which today form the overall guiding principle for development in Bhutan. The first is sustainable and equitable socio-economic development. This stresses the improvement of physical, intellectual, social, and economic health through services such as health, education, trade and commerce, road and bridge construction, employment, urban development, and housing. As a result, education and health were provided free of cost to all Bhutanese even though the country was still poor. The second pillar is conservation of the environment. Only 16% of Bhutan’s land is 9)arable, so there is pressure to 10)fell trees and sell timber. But the law requires that the proportion of tree cover must not be less than 65%.