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动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后.与所修饰名词有如下关系:

①动宾关系:

I have a meeting to attend

注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:

He found a good house to live in.

The child has nothing to worry about.

如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:

He has no place to live.

This is the best way to work out this problem.

如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:

Have you got anything to send? Have you got anything to be sent?

②说明所修饰名词的内容:

We have made a plan to finish the work.

③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:

He is the first to get here.

(1)接不定式或动名词在意思上有区别的动词:

fmean to do想要(做某事)propose to do打算(做某事)

mean doing意味(做某事)propose doing建议(做某事)

forget to do忘记(要做的事)remember to do记得(要做某事)

forget doing忘记(已做的事)remember doing记得(已做过的事)

regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾go on to do继而(做另一件事)

regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔go on doing继续(做原来的事)

fstop to do停下来去做另一件事

stop doing停止正在做的事

(2)下列动词短语中的to是介词,后面应接动名词或名词:

object to,resort to,react to,contribute to,look forward to,be accustomed to,be committed to.be exposed to,be subjected to,be devoted to,be dedicated to,be opposed to,be reconciled to,be contrary to

1. 分词作定语

1) 分词作定语既可以放在所修饰的词之前,作前置定语,也可以放在所修饰的词后面,作后置定语.其作用相当于一个定语从句.例如:

Where are the reserved seats? (=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)

预定的座位在哪里?

This is a pressing problem. (=This is a problem which is pressing.)

这是一个紧迫的问题.

2) 分词作后置定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的中心词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的中心词分开)两种,其作用分别相当于一个限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句.

例如:

The funds raised (= which have been raised) are mainly used for helping the homeless.

筹集的资金主要用来帮助那些无家可归的人.

There are many students waiting (= who are waiting) to get examined.

有许多学生在等待检查

This book, written (= which is written) in simple English, is suitable for beginners.

本书是用浅显的英语写的,适合初学者.

3) 分词常和形容词、副词或名词构成合成形容词作定语.例如:

The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone.

那位手持鲜花的姑娘一定在等人.

The newly-built building is our office building.

这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼.

4) 有些不及物动词的过去分词作定语,并不表示被动的意思而是表示完成.这类过去分词常作前置修饰语.例如:

There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.

秋天有许多落叶.

The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man.

这部电影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事.

常用的这一类词有:fallen, faded, returned, retired, risen, grown up, vanished等.

2. 分词作宾语补足语

1) 跟分词作宾补的动词有:catch, have get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等.例如:

When they returned home from the holiday, they found their house stolen.

当他们度假完回到家时,发现房子被盗了.(过去分词表示被动)

2) 在复合宾语中,用现在分词作宾补,说明宾语是动作的发出者,形成逻辑上的主谓关系;用过去分词作宾补,表示宾语是动作的承受者,构成逻辑上的动宾关系.例如:

There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard.

由于十分吵闹,讲话人没法让人听到他的声音.

When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.

他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他.

1) 分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或伴随状况.通常可转换成相应的状语从句;表示方式或伴随状况的可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句.例如:

Confined to bed (= Because she was confined to bed), she needed to be waited on in everything.

她卧病在床,什么事都需要人伺候.(作原因状语)

Having only book knowledge

able to work well.

如果只有书本知识,你就不可能做好工作.(作条件状语)

They stood there waiting for the bus. (=They stood there and waited for the bus.)

他们站在那里等公共汽车.(作方式状语)

2) 现在分词和过去分词作状语时的用法比较

不管是现在分词还是过去分词作状语,如果单独作状语,其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致.分词作状语通常可以转换成一个相应的状语从句,如果状语从句中的谓语动词为被动结构,就用过去分词;如果状语从句中的谓语动词为主动结构,就用现在分词.有时为了强调,分词前可带连词when, while, if, though, as if, unless等一起作状语,以便使句子的

意思更清楚、更连贯.例如:

Working hard, you will succeed.

如果你努力,你会成功的.

Defeated (= Though he was defeated)